Scoliosis is a common spinal condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often forming an S or C shape, and a rotational twist along its axis. When viewed from the back, a healthy spine appears straight. However, in scoliosis, the curvature becomes evident and can be diagnosed when the angle of the spinal curve is at least 10 degrees on an X-ray.
There are several types of scoliosis. The most common form is idiopathic scoliosis, which accounts for nearly 70% of all cases, though its exact cause remains unknown. In this article, we’ll explore the types, symptoms, and treatment options for scoliosis in detail.
Types of Scoliosis
Idiopathic Scoliosis
This is the most frequently seen type and refers to scoliosis cases with no known cause. It is classified according to the age group in which it appears, with adolescents aged 11–18 being the most affected.
- Infantile (0–3 years)
- Juvenile (4–10 years)
- Adolescent (11–18 years)
- Adult (18+ years)
Congenital Scoliosis
This type is present at birth and results from spinal malformations during fetal development. Vertebrae may form abnormally—such as being wedge-shaped instead of rectangular, or fused rather than separate. While visible signs can sometimes be detected in infancy, the condition often becomes more apparent with growth.
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
This is the second most common type after idiopathic scoliosis. It arises from neurological or muscular disorders such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, spinal cord injuries, or muscular dystrophies. Muscle weakness, imbalance, and spasticity contribute to spinal misalignment.
Symptoms of Scoliosis
Scoliosis can develop at any age but is most common between ages 11 and 18, during periods of rapid growth. Early detection in this stage is crucial for effective treatment.
Common scoliosis symptoms include:
- Uneven waist contours
- One hip higher than the other
- One shoulder higher than the other
- Visible rib hump when bending forward
- Uneven spine alignment when viewed from behind
- One leg appearing longer than the other
- Rib cage protrusion on one side
- One shoulder blade more prominent or elevated
- Clothes not fitting symmetrically
How Is Scoliosis Treated?
There are three main treatment approaches for scoliosis, which can be used individually or in combination depending on the severity and type. Treatment plans should always be customized to the individual, and should only be made under the supervision of a medical professional. Delayed or incorrect treatment can lead to surgical intervention becoming unavoidable.
Factors considered in treatment planning:
- Patient’s age
- Whether the patient is still growing
- Type of scoliosis
- Shape and angle of the curve
- Presence and severity of pain
- Risk of curve progression
1. Bracing
Custom-made scoliosis braces are prescribed to prevent curve progression. It’s often recommended to wear the brace for 20–23 hours a day. Effectiveness increases when combined with targeted scoliosis exercises.
2. Scoliosis Exercises (Physiotherapy)
Tailored exercise programs are one of the most widely used modern treatments. These include breathing techniques, postural corrections, and movements designed specifically for the individual’s curve type. Exercises must be guided by physiotherapists who specialize in scoliosis.
3. Surgery
Surgical intervention is considered for severe scoliosis. Using precision imaging, doctors determine the best surgical approach, which may involve inserting rods, screws, or implants to realign and stabilize the spine. Initially, this support acts as an external correction; over time, the spine conforms to the corrected position.
Important Guidelines for Scoliosis Patients
While undergoing treatment, patients should also follow certain lifestyle precautions:
- Avoid carrying bags on one shoulder. Always distribute weight evenly and avoid heavy loads.
- Maintain a healthy weight. Excess weight puts additional stress on the spine and can worsen scoliosis.
- Limit screen time and poor posture while using smartphones, tablets, or computers.
- Avoid heavy lifting sports like powerlifting or bodybuilding.
- Swimming, once commonly recommended, is now controversial. Recent studies suggest it may worsen scoliosis in some individuals. Only pursue swimming if specifically recommended by your doctor.
Scoliosis is a manageable condition when diagnosed early and treated properly. With the right combination of physiotherapy, bracing, and, if necessary, surgical intervention, individuals can maintain posture, reduce symptoms, and improve their quality of life. Always consult a medical professional for diagnosis and to create a personalized treatment plan.